Water-electrolyte and acid-base exchange
PREFACE . 11
Abbreviations used. 13
Chapter 1. DISORDERS IN THE EXCHANGE OF SODIUM AND WATER
V. Vassilev, D. Tsoneva. 17
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SODIUM METABOLISM
AND THE WATER V. Vassilev .17
Basic concepts .17
Transport processes for sodium and water in the kidney .23
Regulation of the volume and osmolality of the extracellular fluid. 33
DISORDERS IN SODIUM METABOLISM. HYPERVOLEMIA V. Vassilev .55
Definition.55
Reasons.55
Pathophysiology.57
Clinical picture, diagnosis and differential diagnosis .73
Treatment .79
DISORDERS IN SODIUM METABOLISM. HYPOVOLEMIA D. Tsoneva.103
Definition.103
Volume violations. Basic concepts.104
Hypovolemic states. Causes and Pathophysiology .107
Clinical picture.110
Treatment .111
DISORDERS IN WATER EXCHANGE. HYPONATRIEMIA V. Vassilev .121
Definition.121
Causes, pathophysiology and types of hyponatremia. 121
Clinical picture.136
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis .139
Treatment .141
DISORDERS IN WATER EXCHANGE. HYPERNATREMIA V. Vassilev.147
Definition.147
Causes, pathophysiology and types of hypernatremia. 147
Clinical picture.158
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis .160
Treatment .162
References .167
Chapter 2. DISORDERS IN POTASSIUM METABOLISM D. Tsoneva. 173
POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN NORMAL .173
Distribution of potassium between the intracellular
and the extracellular fluid.175
Basic concepts .178
HYPERKALAEMIA.186
Definition.186
Reasons. 186
Clinical picture.190
Diagnosis. 192
Treatment .193
HYPOKALAEMIA .197
Definition.197
Pathophysiology.197
Reasons.198
Clinical picture.201
Diagnosis.202
Treatment .204
References .207
Chapter 3. DISORDERS IN THE MAGNESIUM EXCHANGE D. Tsoneva. 209
MAGNESIUM HOMEOSTASIS IS NORMAL.209
HYPERMAGNESIUM .212
Definition.212
Reasons.212
Clinical picture.213
Diagnosis.214
Treatment .214
HYPOMAGNESEMIA.215
Definition.215
Reasons.215
Clinical picture.218
Diagnosis.219
Treatment .219
References .221
Chapter 4. DISORDERS IN CALCIUM METABOLISM D. Tsoneva. 223
CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IS NORMAL. 223
HYPERCALCEMIA.227
Definition.227
Reasons.227
Clinical picture.230
Diagnosis.231
Treatment .231
HYPOCALCYEMIA.235
Definition.235
Reasons.235
Clinical picture.237
Diagnosis.238
Treatment .239
References .241
CHAPTER 5. DISORDERS IN PHOSPHORUS EXCHANGE D. Tsoneva. 243
PHOSPHORUS HOMEOSTASIS IN THE NORM.243
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA .246
Definition.246
Reasons.246
Clinical picture.247
Diagnosis.247
Treatment .248
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA.249
Definition.249
Reasons.249
Clinical picture.252
Diagnosis.253
Treatment .254
References .256
Chapter 6. DISORDERS IN THE ACID-ALKALINE EXCHANGE
V. Vassilev. 257
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS
OF THE ACID-ALKALINE EXCHANGE .257
Basic physicochemical concepts. Buffer systems .257
Sources of acids and bases for the body .263
Respiratory mechanisms involved in acid-base metabolism.265
Involvement of the kidney in acid-base metabolism.269
DISORDERS IN THE ACID-ALKALINE EXCHANGE. 276
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS .277
Definition.277
Reasons.279
Pathophysiology.279
CONTENTS
Water-electrolyte and acid-alkaline exchange, disorders, diagnostics.
Types of metabolic acidosis. Serum anion gap .281
Metabolic acidosis with large serum anion gap .281
Metabolic acidosis with normal serum anion gap
(hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis).289
Clinical picture.299
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis .304
Treatment .302
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS.309
Definition.309
Causes, pathophysiology and types of respiratory acidosis.309
Clinical picture.314
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis .315
Treatment .317
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS.321
Definition.321
Causes and Pathophysiology .321
Types of metabolic alkalosis .326
Clinical picture.334
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis .335
Treatment .338
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS .341
Definition.341
Causes, pathophysiology and types of respiratory alkalosis.341
Clinical picture.346
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis .347
Treatment .349
References .350
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 353
