Diabetes
STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS, SECRETION, MECHANISM OF ACTION AND BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF INSULIN. 15
Structure of insulin.15
Synthesis of insulin. 16
Secretion of insulin.19
Physiological profile of insulin secretion. 28
Mechanism of action of insulin. 31
Biological effects of insulin.34
REGULATION OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM. 37
Role of different organs in glucose metabolism. 37
Glucose transporters - GLUT.40
Main pathways of glucose metabolism.42
Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. 45
DIABETES
DEFINITION OF DIABETES DIABETES. 51
EPIDEMIOLOGY.51
CLASSIFICATION.53
DIAGNOSIS .56
Degrees of glucose tolerance.56
Diagnostic tests to determine glucose tolerance.60
Ways to place the diagnosis diabetes mellitus.65
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES. 67
Diabetes mellitus type 1.67
Diabetes mellitus type 2.69
CLINICAL PICTURE OF DIABETES. 83
Diabetes mellitus type 1.83
Diabetes mellitus type 2.85
Other forms of diabetes mellitus.87
TREATMENT OF DIABETES. 92
DIETARY REGIME IN DIABETES. 93
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. 102
INSULIN TREATMENT. 106
TREATMENT WITH NON-INSULIN ORAL AND INJECTABLE
ANTI-DIABETES AGENTS. 133
Sulfonylureas. 134
Meglitinides. 141
Bigwanids. 143
Thiazolidinediones. 156
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. 164
Incretin-based therapy. 168
Dpp-4 inhibitors. 169
Glp-1 receptor agonists. 180
Sglt2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (inhibitors). 198
MODERN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES. 204
EDUCATION OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES. 219
CONTROL OF DIABETES. 224
SELF-CONTROL OF BLOOD SUGAR IN DIABETES. 229
CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE LEVEL MONITORING. 236
ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES. 241
Diabetic ketoacidosis. 241
Diabetic hyperosmolar nonketogenic coma. 252
Diabetic lactic acidosis. 257
Hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus. 259
Diabetic coma. 269
CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES. 273
Diabetic microangiopathy. 274
Diabetic retinopathy. 274
Other eye damage in diabetes mellitus. 280
Refractive changes. 282
Diabetic nephropathy. 283
Diabetic neuropathy. 296
Diabetic macroangiopathy. 317
Diabetic foot. 341
Diabetic osteoarthropathy (smallpox foot). 353
Skin changes in diabetes mellitus. 361
Diabetic dermopathy. 361
PREVENTION OF DIABETES. 363
DIABETES AND PREGNANCY. 372
HYPOGLYCEMIA. 386
INSULINOM. 395
APPLICATIONS. 405
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 415
