SEPSIS

The Opioid Epidemic and Infectious Diseases, 1st Edition

Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in critically ill patients with infectious diseases. Modern antibiotics and therapeutic approaches used in its intensive treatment are still unsatisfactory. The sepsis condition itself has a different degree of manifestation in the course of its development in individual patients.

"The book presents in-depth and up-to-date information on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and new therapeutic approaches in sepsis. It expands our knowledge of this disease and will contribute to its more effective treatment. It will be a valuable aid to clinicians from all medical specialties as well as immunologists, molecular biologists, pharmacologists, students and interns."

Prof. Krasimira Ikonomova, dm

Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team, 7th Edition

Content

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

CHAPTER 1. DEFINITIONS AND CRITERIA FOR SEPSIS ……………………. 15

Conference Sepsis 1 ……………………………………………………………….. 16

Conference Sepsis 2 ……………………………………………………………….. 20

Conference Sepsis 3 ……………………………………………………………….. 22

Future directions for revision of sepsis definitions ………… 27

Tests at any time through Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) ……………… 29

Biomarkers for the diagnosis of sepsis …………………………………………. 30

CHAPTER 2. ANIMAL MODELS OF SEPSIS …………………….. 41

Induction of sepsis by injection of bacterial toxins …. 41

Induction of sepsis using live pathogens ……………… 44

Intraperitoneal injection of faecal suspension

or slurry from the contents of the cecum (cecal slurry, CS) ……………………. 47

Sepsis by inducing pneumonia …………………………………………. 47

Causing sepsis by disrupting integrity

of the barrier tissues ………………………………………………………………. 48

CHAPTER 3. MECHANISMS OF SEPSIS …………………………………………. 51

Hypotheses about the mechanisms of sepsis ………………………………………….. 51

Physiological changes in animal models of sepsis ……………. 53

Physiological changes in sepsis in man ……………………………. 55

Factors affecting the development of sepsis in humans ………………….. 61

Phases of sepsis …………………………………………………………………………. 64

Abnormalities determining the mechanisms of sepsis ……………………………. 65

Role of inflammation in sepsis …………………………………………………… 65

Role of cytokines in the development of sepsis ……………………………. 72

Role of complement in sepsis ……………………………………………………. 75

Cells involved in sepsis ……………………………………………………………… 88

Role of endoplasmic reticulum in sepsis ……………………………… 93

Role of immune cell apoptosis in sepsis ……………………. 98

Tolerance and impaired immune cell function

in case of sepsis …………………………………………………………………………………… 104

Coagulation disorders in sepsis …………………………………….. 105

CHAPTER 4. THERAPY OF SEPSIS ………………………………………………. 127

Anti-endotoxin therapies …………………………………………………….. 128

Anticytokine therapies ………………………………………………………………. 129

CHAPTER 5. AUTHOR'S PARTICIPATION IN A RESEARCH TEAM,

DEVELOPER OF EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGIES AT

SEPSIS ……………………………………………………………………………………. 139

Investigating the role of apoptosis in the pathophysiology of sepsis... 139

Studying the role of complement in the mechanisms of sepsis ……… 144

Literature ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 148