Lipids, lipid modulation - current aspects

1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

1.1. Relevance of the lipid hypothesis for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

1.2. Inflammation, immunity and atherosclerosis

1.3. The modern concept of the relationship between the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract and atherosclerosis

2. CHOLESTEROL, LIPOPROTEINS AND COVID-19

2.1. A real need to study the lipid profile in COVID-19 infection

2.2. Changes in the lipid profile in COVID-19

2.3. Elevated membrane cholesterol facilitates entry of SARS-CoV-2

2.4. The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and membrane proteinases

2.5. Lipoproteins in viral infection

2.5.1. Triglycerides and COVID-19

2.5.2. HDL-cholesterol and COVID-19

2.6. Lipid changes associated with severity of COVID-19

2.7. Mechanisms of lipid changes associated with the severity of COVID-19

2.8. Chronic lipid-related pathologies and association with COVID-19

3. REAL THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES

3.1. LDL-receptor targeted therapies

3.1.1. Statin therapy

3.1.2. PSCK-9 Inhibitors

3.1.2.1. PSCK-9 inhibitors monoclonal antibodies

3.1.3. RNA-based therapy to reduce PCSK9 molecules

3.2. Cholesterol adsorption inhibitors

3.3. Omega-3 fatty acids

3.4. Fibrates

3.5. Combined lipid-modulating therapy

4. NEW AND APPROVED LIPIDOMUDULATORS

4.1. Bempedoic acid

4.2. Lipoprotein (a)-lowering therapy

4.3. New targets for lowering triglyceride levels

4.4. New technologies for editing the genome responsible for atherosclerosis

5. CONCLUSION